Multiple register memory access instructions, processors, methods, and systems

ABSTRACT

A processor includes N-bit registers and a decode unit to receive a multiple register memory access instruction. The multiple register memory access instruction is to indicate a memory location and a register. The processor includes a memory access unit coupled with the decode unit and with the N-bit registers. The memory access unit is to perform a multiple register memory access operation in response to the multiple register memory access instruction. The operation is to involve N-bit data, in each of the N-bit registers comprising the indicated register. The operation is also to involve different corresponding N-bit portions of an M×N-bit line of memory corresponding to the indicated memory location. A total number of bits of the N-bit data in the N-bit registers to be involved in the multiple register memory access operation is to amount to at least half of the M×N-bits of the line of memory.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 15/728,293, filed on Oct. 9, 2017, entitled “MULTIPLE REGISTERMEMORY ACCESS INSTRUCTIONS, PROCESSORS, METHODS, AND SYSTEMS”, which isa continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/238,186, filed onAug. 16, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,786,338, issued on Oct. 10, 2017,which is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/931,008,filed on Jun. 28, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,424,034, issued on Aug. 23,2016, which is hereby incorporated herein by this reference in itsentirety and for all purposes.

BACKGROUND Technical Field

Embodiments described herein generally relate to processors. Inparticular, embodiments described herein generally relate to accessingdata in memory with processors.

Background Information

Many processors have Single Instruction, Multiple Data (SIMD)architectures. In SIMD architectures, a packed data instruction, vectorinstruction, or SIMD instruction may operate on multiple data elements(e.g., multiple pairs of data elements) concurrently or in parallel.Multiple data elements may be packed within a register or memorylocation as packed data. In packed data, the bits of the register orother storage location may be logically divided into a sequence of dataelements. For example, a 64-bit wide packed data register may have twopacked 32-bit data elements, four packed 16-bit data elements, or eightpacked 8-bit data elements. The processor may have parallel executionhardware responsive to the packed data instruction to perform themultiple operations concurrently (e.g., in parallel).

In some processors, there has been a progressive increase over the yearsin the width of the packed data operands. This increase in width of thepacked data operands generally allows more data elements to be processedconcurrently (e.g., in parallel), which generally helps to improveperformance. For example, a 128-bit wide packed data operand may havefour 32-bit data elements (instead of just two in the case of a 64-bitwide packed data operand), eight packed 16-bit data elements (instead ofjust four in the case of a 64-bit wide packed data operand), and so on.

In certain processors, the increase in the width of the packed dataoperands is accompanied by a corresponding increase in the width of theregisters. However, one possible drawback to increasing the width of theregisters is an increase in the area or footprint occupied by theregisters on die. For example, expanding each register of a set of64-bit registers so that they are each 128-bit registers will likelyapproximately double the area or footprint occupied by the registers ondie. The impact will likely even be larger in implementations wherethere are more physical registers implemented than architecturalregisters since the size of a greater number of registers may beapproximately doubled. Another possible drawback to such an increase inthe width of the registers is a corresponding increase in the amount ofstate, context, or other data stored in the registers that needs to bemoved to and from the registers (e.g., saved and restored) on contextswitches, power mode state saves, and like transitions. For example, foreach register 128-bits instead of just 64-bits may need to be swapped inand out on context changes.

Processors typically execute instructions to load data (e.g., packeddata operands) from memory and store data (e.g., packed data operands)to memory. For example, a processor may execute a load from memoryinstruction to load or read a packed data operand from the memory into adestination register. The processor may execute a write to memoryinstruction to write or store a packed data operand from a sourceregister to the memory.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention may best be understood by referring to the followingdescription and accompanying drawings that are used to illustrateembodiments. In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a computer system.

FIG. 2 is a block flow diagram of an embodiment of a method ofprocessing an embodiment of a multiple register memory accessinstruction.

FIG. 3 is a block flow diagram of an embodiment of a method ofprocessing an embodiment of a multiple register load from memoryinstruction.

FIG. 4 is a block flow diagram of an embodiment of a method ofprocessing an embodiment of a multiple register write to memoryinstruction.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a first example embodiment of a suitablemultiple register memory access operation.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a second example embodiment of a suitablemultiple register memory access operation.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a third example embodiment of a suitablemultiple register memory access operation.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment in which a set ofregisters may be viewed or accessed as 64-bit registers, 128-bitregisters, and 256-bit registers in different views.

FIGS. 9A-9C are block diagrams of embodiments of suitable instructionformats for multiple register memory access instructions.

FIG. 10A is a block diagram illustrating both an exemplary in-orderpipeline and an exemplary register renaming, out-of-orderissue/execution pipeline according to embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 10B is a block diagram illustrating both an exemplary embodiment ofan in-order architecture core and an exemplary register renaming,out-of-order issue/execution architecture core to be included in aprocessor according to embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 11A is a block diagram of a single processor core, along with itsconnection to the on-die interconnect network and with its local subsetof the Level 2 (L2) cache, according to embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 11B is an expanded view of part of the processor core in FIG. 11Aaccording to embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 12 is a block diagram of a processor that may have more than onecore, may have an integrated memory controller, and may have integratedgraphics according to embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 13 shown is a block diagram of a system in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 14 shown is a block diagram of a first more specific exemplarysystem in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 15 shown is a block diagram of a second more specific exemplarysystem in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 16 shown is a block diagram of a SoC in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 17 is a block diagram contrasting the use of a software instructionconverter to convert binary instructions in a source instruction set tobinary instructions in a target instruction set according to embodimentsof the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth(e.g., specific operations performed in response to instructions,specific numbers of registers, specific sizes of registers, specificsizes of cache lines, specific processor configurations, specificmicro-architectural details, specific sequences of operations, etc.).However, embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. Inother instances, well-known circuits, structures and techniques have notbeen shown in detail to avoid obscuring the understanding of thedescription.

Conventional memory access instructions often involve only a singleregister in the memory access. The amount of data exchanged between thememory and the single register is only the width of the single register(e.g., 64-bits in the case of 64-bit registers). However, commonly datain memory is organized as wider “lines.” These lines of memory representthe amount of data transmitted or exchanged between the memory and theprocessor, for example one or more caches of the processor. For example,even though only 64-bits of data may actually be transmitted to or fromthe register file, commonly a wider whole line of memory having that64-bits of data may be transmitted between the memory and a cache of theprocessor. The line of memory may be stored in a cache line within thecache. Many processors commonly use 512-bit wide lines of memory andcorresponding 512-bit wide cache lines. A load of 64-bit data into asingle destination register may load or retrieve an entire 512-bit lineof memory having the 64-bit data into a 512-bit cache line of a cache ofthe processor and load only the 64-bit data into the single destinationregister. Only the 64-bits of data will actually be transmitted from thecache to the register file.

One potential drawback of such conventional “single register” memoryaccess instructions is that the utilized bandwidth between the cache andthe registers may tend to be relatively low, especially in processorsthat utilize relatively narrow registers to store packed data. In somecases, other data within the same line of memory and/or cache line mayalso be needed for processing, but conventionally is not brought intothe registers by the instruction. For example, this may be the case forwide packed data operands in memory that are wider than the registers ofthe processor. In some cases, it may be desirable to load at least halfa line of memory, or other cases an entire line of memory, into theregisters of the processor. One possible way to load the entire 512-bitline of memory into eight 64-bit registers would be to use eightseparate single 64-bit register load from memory instructions. Forexample, a first single 64-bit register load from memory instructionindicating a first 64-bit data of a 512-bit line in memory may load andstore the indicated first 64-bit portion into a first indicatedregister. The entire 512-bit line of memory may be retrieved into theprocessor from the memory and stored in a 512-bit cache line. A secondsingle 64-bit register load from memory instruction indicating a second64-bit data of the 512-bit line in the memory may load the indicatedsecond 64-bit portion from the already loaded 512-bit cache line andstore the second 64-bit data in a second indicated register. Similarly,the third through eight single 64-bit register load from memoryinstructions may also use the data from the cache line already loaded inthe cache. However, a possible drawback to such an approach is the needto execute multiple instructions, which tends to increase code size andprocessing time, and may involve multiple cache accesses.

Disclosed herein are multiple register memory access instructions,processors to execute the instructions, methods performed by theprocessors when processing or executing the instructions, and systemsincorporating one or more processors to process or execute theinstructions.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a computer system 100. Invarious embodiments, the computer system may represent a desktopcomputer, laptop computer, notebook computer, tablet computer, netbook,smartphone, personal digital assistant, cellular phone, server, networkdevice (e.g., router or switch), Mobile Internet device (MID), mediaplayer, smart television, set-top box, video game controller, or othertype of electronic device having at least one processor.

The computer system includes a processor 102 and a memory 120. Thememory may include one or more memory devices of either the same ordifferent types. One common type of memory that is suitable forembodiments is dynamic random access memory (DRAM), although other typesof memory (e.g., flash memory) may also be used. The processor and thememory are coupled with one another by an interconnection mechanism 124.Any conventional interconnection mechanism known in the arts forcoupling a processor with a memory is suitable. Examples of suchmechanisms include, but are not limited to, interconnects, busses, hubs,memory controllers, chipsets, chipset components, and the like, andcombinations thereof.

The processor 102 represents an instruction processing apparatus that isoperable to process instructions. In some embodiments, the processor maybe a general-purpose processor (e.g., a general-purpose microprocessorof the type used in desktop, laptop, and like computers). Alternatively,the processor may be a special-purpose processor. Examples of suitablespecial-purpose processors include, but are not limited to, networkprocessors, communications processors, cryptographic processors,graphics processors, co-processors, embedded processors, digital signalprocessors (DSPs), and controllers (e.g., microcontrollers), to namejust a few examples. The processor may be any of various complexinstruction set computing (CISC) processors, various reduced instructionset computing (RISC) processors, various very long instruction word(VLIW) processors, various hybrids thereof, or other types of processorsentirely.

The processor 102 may receive a multiple register memory accessinstruction 104. In some embodiments, the multiple register memoryaccess instruction may represent a multiple register load from memoryinstruction. In other embodiments, the multiple register memory accessinstruction may represent a multiple register store to memoryinstruction. The multiple register memory access instruction mayrepresent a machine code instruction, assembly language instruction,macroinstruction, or control signal of an instruction set of theprocessor. In some embodiments, the multiple register memory accessinstruction may explicitly specify (e.g., through a set of bits or oneor more fields), or otherwise indicate (e.g., implicitly indicate), amemory location 118 in the memory 120, and may explicitly specify orotherwise indicate a register 112 (e.g., a register implemented by a setof N-bit registers 110).

The processor includes an instruction decode unit 106. The instructiondecode unit may also be referred to as a decode unit, decoder, or decodelogic. The decode unit may receive and decode relatively higher-levelinstructions (e.g., machine code instructions, assembly languageinstructions, macroinstructions), and output one or more relativelylower-level instructions or control signals (e.g., microinstructions,micro-operations, micro-code entry points) that reflect, represent,and/or are derived from the higher-level instructions. The one or morelower-level instructions or control signals may implement thehigher-level instruction through one or more lower-level (e.g.,circuit-level or hardware-level) operations. The decode unit may beimplemented using various different mechanisms including, but notlimited to, microcode read only memories (ROMs), look-up tables,hardware implementations, programmable logic arrays (PLAs), and othermechanisms used to implement decode units known in the art.

In other embodiments, an instruction emulator, translator, morpher,interpreter, or other instruction conversion logic may be used. Variousdifferent types of instruction conversion logic are known in the artsand may be implemented in software, hardware, firmware, or a combinationthereof. The instruction conversion logic may emulate, translate, morph,interpret, or otherwise convert the instruction into one or morecorresponding derived instructions or control signals. In someembodiments, both instruction conversion logic and a decode unit may beused. For example, the instruction conversion logic may convert aninstruction into one or more intermediate instructions, and the decodeunit may decode the one or more intermediate instructions into one ormore lower-level instructions or control signals executable byintegrated circuitry of the processor. The instruction conversion logicmay be located outside the processor (e.g., on a separate die or inmemory), on the processor, or a combination.

Referring again to FIG. 1, a memory access unit 108 is coupled with thedecode unit 106. The memory access unit may receive one or more decodedor otherwise converted instructions or control signals that representand/or are derived from the multiple register memory access instruction104. The memory access unit is also coupled with the memory 120 throughthe interconnection mechanism 124. The memory access unit may implementone or more components often found in the memory subsystem of processorsto access or interact with the memory. Examples of such componentsinclude, but are not limited to, memory access logic, a bus interfaceunit, one or more levels of cache, one or more translation lookasidebuffers (TLSs), virtual address translation logic, etc. As shown, thememory access unit may have at least one cache 109.

The processor 102 also includes a set of N-bit registers 110. Each ofthe registers may represent an on-die storage location that is operableto store data, for example N-bit data. In some embodiments, the N-bitregisters may represent packed data registers that are operable to storeN-bit packed data, vector data, or single instruction multiple data(SIMD) data, although this is not required. In various embodiments, theN-bit registers may be 64-bit registers, 128-bit registers, or 256-bitregisters. Alternatively, the N-bit registers may have other sizes(e.g., 32-bit registers, 80-bit registers, etc.). In some embodiments,the set of N-bit registers may include, implement, or otherwise comprisethe register 112 that is indicated by the multiple register memoryaccess instruction. The registers may be visible to software and/or aprogrammer and/or may be specified by instructions of the instructionset to identify operands. The registers may be implemented in differentways in different microarchitectures using well-known techniques and arenot limited to any particular type of circuit. Examples of suitabletypes of registers include, but are not limited to, dedicated physicalregisters, dynamically allocated physical registers using registerrenaming, and combinations thereof.

As previously mentioned, in some embodiments, the multiple registermemory access instruction 104 may explicitly specify (e.g., through aset of bits or one or more fields), or otherwise indicate (e.g.,implicitly indicate) a register 112. In some embodiments, the set ofN-bit registers may include, implement, or otherwise comprise theregister 112 indicated by the multiple register memory accessinstruction. Moreover, in some embodiments, the multiple register memoryaccess instruction may explicitly specify or otherwise indicate a memorylocation 118 in the memory. In some embodiments, data in the memory maybe organized as lines of memory. The illustration shows an M×N-bit lineof memory 116 that corresponds to the indicated memory location 118 (forexample includes data at the indicated memory location). The M×N-bitline of memory has an integer M number of N-bit wide portions of data.As shown, the M×N-bit line of memory may have a first N-bit data 114-1through an Mth N-bit data 114-M. In some embodiments, the M×N-bit lineis at least 512-bits. In one embodiment, the integer N may be 128-bitsand the integer M may be four. In another embodiment, the integer N maybe 256-bits and the integer M may be two. In yet another embodiment, theinteger N may be 64-bits and the integer M may be eight. In otherembodiments, the M×N-bit line width may have other widths (e.g.,256-bits, at least 512-bits, 1024-bits, etc.). The number M of N-bitdata elements is generally equal to the width of the line of memorydivided by the width of the N-bit data elements. In some embodiments,the M×N-bit line may have a width equal to that of a cache line of theprocessor.

In some embodiments, the memory access unit 108 may be operable inresponse to and/or as a result of the multiple register memory accessinstruction 104 (e.g., in response to the one or more decoded orotherwise converted instructions or control signals that representand/or are derived from the multiple register memory access instruction)to perform a multiple register memory access operation. In someembodiments, the multiple register memory access operation may involveN-bit data, in each of a plurality of N-bit registers 110 that are toinclude, implement, or otherwise comprise the register 112 indicated bythe instruction 104. Moreover, in some embodiments, the multipleregister memory access operation may also involve differentcorresponding N-bit portions 114 of the M×N-bit line of memory 116 thatis to correspond to the indicated memory location 118. As shown, theM×N-bit line of memory may be stored in an M×N-bit cache line 122 of thecache 109, for example, in a generally conventional way. The memoryaccess unit and/or the processor may include specific or particularlogic (e.g., circuitry or other hardware potentially combined withfirmware and/or software) operable to perform the operations responsiveto the instruction.

In some embodiments, the multiple register memory access instruction maybe a multiple register load from memory instruction. In response to themultiple register load from memory instruction, in some embodiments, theprocessor may load the different N-bit portions of the M×N-bit line ofmemory in each of the plurality of the N-bit registers. In otherembodiments, the multiple register memory access instruction may be amultiple register write to memory instruction. In response to themultiple register write to memory instruction, in some embodiments, theprocessor may write the N-bit data, from each of the plurality of theN-bit registers, to the different corresponding N-bit portions of theM×N-bit line of memory.

In some embodiments, a total number of bits involved in the multipleregister memory access operation (e.g., the sum of the N-bit data ineach of the plurality of N-bit registers 110 involved in the operation)may amount to at least half, or in some cases up to all, of the M×N-bitsof the line of memory 116. In some embodiments, at least half, or insome cases up to all, of the M×N-bits of the line of memory may betransmitted from the cache 109 to the set of registers 110. In variousembodiments, at least two, three, four, or more registers may beinvolved. As one example, in an embodiment where the M×N-bits is equalto 512-bits and N is equal to 128-bits, then in various aspects at leasttwo 128-bit registers 110, in some cases three 128-bit registers 110, orin some cases four 128-bit registers 110, may be involved in themultiple register memory access operation. As another example, in anembodiment where the M×N-bits is equal to 512-bits and N is equal to64-bits, then in various aspects at least three 64-bit registers 110, atleast four 64-bit registers 110, or in some cases anywhere up to eight64-bit registers 110, may be involved in the multiple register memoryaccess operation. As yet another example, in an embodiment where theM×N-bits is equal to 512-bits and N is equal to 256-bits, two 256-bitregisters 110 may be involved in the multiple register memory accessoperation.

To avoid obscuring the description, a relatively simple processor 102has been shown and described. In other embodiments, the processor mayoptionally include other well-known components found in processors.Examples of such components include, but are not limited to, a branchprediction unit, an instruction fetch unit, instruction and datatranslation lookaside buffers, prefetch buffers, microinstructionqueues, microinstruction sequencers, a register renaming unit, aninstruction scheduling unit, a retirement unit, other componentsincluded in processors, and various combinations thereof. There areliterally numerous different combinations and configurations ofcomponents in processors, and embodiments are not limited to anyparticular combination or configuration. Embodiments may be included inprocessors have multiple cores, logical processors, or execution enginesat least one of which is able to perform an embodiment of an multipleregister memory access instruction.

FIG. 2 is a block flow diagram of an embodiment of a method 230 ofprocessing an embodiment of a multiple register memory accessinstruction. The method may be performed by and/or within a processor,instruction processing apparatus, integrated circuit, or the like.

The method includes receiving the multiple register memory accessinstruction, at block 231. In some embodiments, the multiple registermemory access instruction may specify or otherwise indicate a memorylocation, and may specify or otherwise indicate a register. In variousaspects, the instruction may be received at a processor, an instructionprocessing apparatus, or a portion thereof (e.g., an instruction fetchunit, a decode unit, an instruction converter, etc.). In variousaspects, the instruction may be received from an off-die source (e.g.,from memory, a disc, an interconnect, etc.), or from an on-die source(e.g., from an instruction cache, an instruction fetch unit, etc.).

The method includes performing a multiple register memory accessoperation in response to the multiple register memory accessinstruction, at block 232. In some embodiments, a memory access unit orother portion of the processor may perform the memory access operation.In some embodiments, the multiple register memory access operation mayinvolve N-bit data, in each of a plurality of N-bit registers thatinclude, implement, or otherwise comprise the indicated register, anddifferent corresponding N-bit portions of an M×N-bit line of memory,corresponding to the indicated memory location (e.g., the M×N-bit lineof memory includes the data at the indicated memory location).

In some embodiments, a total number of bits of the N-bit data in theplurality of the N-bit registers involved in the multiple registermemory access operation may amount to at least half, or in some cases upto all, of the M×N-bits of the line of memory. In some embodiments, thetotal number of bits of the N-bit data in the plurality of the N-bitregisters involved in the multiple register memory access operation mayamount to at least 256-bits, at least 512-bits, or in some cases morebits (e.g., 1024-bits). In various embodiments, at least two, three,four, or more registers may be involved in the multiple register memoryaccess operation.

FIG. 3 is a block flow diagram of an embodiment of a method 330 ofprocessing an embodiment of a multiple register load from memoryinstruction. The method may be performed by and/or within a processor,instruction processing apparatus, integrated circuit, or the like.

The method includes receiving the multiple register load from memoryinstruction, at block 331. In some embodiments, the multiple registerload from memory instruction may specify or otherwise indicate a memorylocation, and may specify or otherwise indicate a register. Theinstruction may be received in the various ways described above inconjunction with FIG. 2.

The method also includes performing a multiple register load from memoryoperation in response to the multiple register load from memoryinstruction, at block 332. In some embodiments, a memory access unit orother portion of the processor may perform the operation. In someembodiments, performing the operation may include loading differentN-bit portions, of an M×N-bit line of memory corresponding to theindicated memory location, in each of a plurality of N-bit registersthat comprise the indicated register. In some embodiments, this mayinclude transmitting the different N-bit portions from an M×N-bit cacheline from the cache to each of the different N-bit registers.

In some embodiments, a total number of bits of the different N-bitportions loaded in the plurality of the N-bit registers from the M×N-bitline of memory amounts to at least half, or in some cases up to all, ofthe M×N-bits of the line of memory. In some embodiments, the totalnumber of bits of the different N-bit portions loaded in the pluralityof the N-bit registers from the M×N-bit line of memory may amount to atleast 256-bits, at least 512-bits, or in some cases more bits (e.g.,1024-bits). In various embodiments, at least two, three, four, or moreregisters may be involved in the multiple register load from memoryoperation. In one specific example, the operation may load different128-bit portions of the line of memory which is at least 512-bits ineach of at least four 128-bit registers. In another specific example,the operation may load different 256-bit portions of the line of memorywhich is at least 512-bits in each of at least two 256-bit registers.

FIG. 4 is a block flow diagram of an embodiment of a method 430 ofprocessing an embodiment of a multiple register store to memoryinstruction. The method may be performed by and/or within a processor,instruction processing apparatus, integrated circuit, or the like.

The method includes receiving the multiple register store to memoryinstruction, at block 431. In some embodiments, the multiple registerstore to memory instruction may specify or otherwise indicate a memorylocation, and may specify or otherwise indicate a register. Theinstruction may be received in the various ways described above inconjunction with FIG. 2.

The method also includes performing a multiple register store to memoryoperation in response to the multiple register store to memoryinstruction, at block 432. In some embodiments, a memory access unit orother portion of the processor may perform the operation. In someembodiments, performing the operation may include writing N-bit data,from each of a plurality of N-bit registers that comprise the indicatedregister, to different corresponding N-bit portions of an M×N-bit lineof memory corresponding to the indicated memory location. In someembodiments, this may include transmitting the N-bit data from each ofthe plurality of the N-bit registers to a cache and storing each of thedifferent N-bit data in a different N-bit portion of an M×N-bit cacheline.

In some embodiments, a total number of bits of the N-bit data writtenfrom the plurality of the N-bit registers to the M×N-bit line of memorymay amount to at least half, or in some cases up to all, of the M×N-bitsof the line of memory. In some embodiments, the total number of bits ofthe N-bit data written from the plurality of the N-bit registers to theM×N-bit line of memory may amount to at least 256-bits, at least512-bits, or in some cases more bits (e.g., 1024-bits). In variousembodiments, at least two, three, four, or more registers may beinvolved in the multiple register store to memory operation.

The methods of FIGS. 2-4 have been described in relatively basic form.However, operations may optionally be added to and/or removed from themethods. For example, in some embodiments, an operation may optionallybe added to any of these methods to store N-bit data associated with theplurality of N-bit registers (e.g., to be loaded into the N-bitregisters or being written from the N-bit registers) in differentcorresponding N-bit portions of an M×N-bit cache line in a cache. Asanother example, in some embodiments, an operation may optionally beadded to any of these methods to transmit the N-bit data associated withthe plurality of N-bit registers (e.g., to be loaded into the N-bitregisters or being written from the N-bit registers) between a cache andthe N-bit registers. As further examples, one or more operations mayoptionally be added to fetch instructions, decode instructions, retireinstructions, or the like, or various combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the operations and/or methods of any of FIGS. 2-4may be performed by and/or within the processor of FIG. 1. Optionally,the details and optional details described above for the processor ofFIG. 1 also optionally apply to the operations and/or methods of FIGS.2-4, which in embodiments may be performed by and/or within such aprocessor. Alternatively, the operations and/or method of any of FIGS.2-4 may be performed by and/or within a similar or different processor.Moreover, the processor of FIG. 1 may perform operations and/or methodsthe same as, similar to, or different than those of any of FIGS. 2-4.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a first example embodiment of a suitablemultiple register memory access operation 530 that may be performed inresponse to a first example embodiment of a multiple register memoryaccess instruction. The multiple register memory access instruction mayindicate a memory location 518 in a memory 520 and a register 512 of aprocessor 502. In this embodiment, the indicated memory location is tocorrespond to a 512-bit line of memory 516 having four 128-bit dataportions 514-1 through 514-4. For example, the 512-bit line of memorymay store data at the indicated memory location. In this embodiment, theindicated register is to include, be implemented by, or otherwisecomprise a set of four 128-bit registers 510. In some embodiments, thefour 128-bit registers may be adjacent or sequential registers.

In this embodiment, the multiple register memory access operation is toinvolve four different 128-bit data portions 514, in each of the four128-bit registers 510, and different corresponding 128-bit portions 514of the 512-bit line of memory 516. For example, the operation maytransfer or exchange data between the 512-bit line of memory and the setof four 128-bit registers. In some embodiments, the operation may be anembodiment of a multiple register load from memory operation and the128-bit data portions 514 may be loaded or read from the 512-bit line ofmemory 516 into the four 128-bit registers 510. In other embodiments,the operation may be an embodiment of a multiple register write tomemory operation and the 128-bit data portions 514 may be written orstored from the four 128-bit registers 510 to the 512-bit line of memory516.

The 512-bit line of memory may also be stored in a 512-bit cache line522 of a cache 509. In some embodiments, data may be exchanged betweenthe memory and the processor (e.g., the cache) over an interconnect 524.In some embodiments, the interconnect 524 may have a bit-width of512-bits, 256-bits, or some other bit width depending on the clockrates, etc. In some embodiments, data may be exchanged between the cacheand the set of four 128-bit registers over an interconnect 534. In someembodiments, the interconnect 534 may have a bandwidth or bit width of512-bits, or at least 256-bits, depending on the clock rates, etc. Thescope of the invention is not limited to the bit widths of theinterconnect 524 or 534.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a second example embodiment of a suitablemultiple register memory access operation 630 that may be performed inresponse to a second example embodiment of a multiple register memoryaccess instruction. The multiple register memory access instruction mayindicate a memory location 618 in a memory 620 and a register 612 of aprocessor 602. In this embodiment, the indicated memory location is tocorrespond to a 512-bit line of memory 616 having two 256-bit dataportions 614-1 through 614-2. For example, the 512-bit line of memorymay store data at the indicated memory location. In this embodiment, theindicated register is to include, be implemented by, or otherwisecomprise a set of two 256-bit registers 610-1, 610-2. In someembodiments, the two 256-bit registers may be adjacent or sequentialregisters.

In this embodiment, the multiple register memory access operation is toinvolve two different 256-bit data portions 614, in each of the two256-bit registers 610, and different corresponding 256-bit portions 614of the 512-bit line of memory 616. For example, the operation maytransfer or exchange data between the 512-bit line of memory and the two256-bit registers. In some embodiments, the operation may be anembodiment of a multiple register load from memory operation and the256-bit data portions 614 may be loaded or read from the 512-bit line ofmemory 616 into the two 256-bit registers 610. In other embodiments, theoperation may be an embodiment of a multiple register write to memoryoperation and the 256-bit data portions 614 may be written or storedfrom the two 256-bit registers 610 to the 512-bit line of memory 616.

The 512-bit line of memory may also be stored in a 512-bit cache line622 of a cache 609. In some embodiments, data may be exchanged betweenthe memory and the processor (e.g., the cache) over an interconnect 624.In some embodiments, the interconnect 624 may have a bit-width of512-bits, 256-bits, or some other bit width depending on the clockrates, etc. In some embodiments, data may be exchanged between the cacheand the set of two 256-bit registers over an interconnect 634. In someembodiments, the interconnect 634 may have a bandwidth or bit width of512-bits, or at least 256-bits, depending on the clock rates, etc. Thescope of the invention is not limited to the bit widths of theinterconnect 624 or 634.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a third example embodiment of a suitablemultiple register memory access operation 730 that may be performed inresponse to a third example embodiment of a multiple register memoryaccess instruction. The multiple register memory access instruction mayindicate a memory location 718 in a memory 720 and a register 712 of aprocessor 702. In this embodiment, the indicated memory location is tocorrespond to a 512-bit line of memory 716 having eight 64-bit dataportions 714-1 through 714-8. For example, the 512-bit line of memorymay store data at the indicated memory location. In this embodiment, theindicated register is to include, be implemented by, or otherwisecomprise a set of four 64-bit registers 710. In other embodiments,anywhere between four and eight 64-bit registers 710 may be used (e.g.,six, eight, etc.). In some embodiments, the four or up to eight 64-bitregisters may be adjacent or sequential registers.

In this embodiment, the multiple register memory access operation is toinvolve four (or up to eight) different 64-bit data portions 714, ineach of the four (or up to eight) 64-bit registers 710, and differentcorresponding 64-bit portions 714 of the 512-bit line of memory 716. Forexample, the operation may transfer or exchange data between the four(or up to eight) data portions of the 512-bit line of memory and thefour (or up to eight) 64-bit registers. In some embodiments, theoperation may be an embodiment of a multiple register load from memoryoperation and the four (or up to eight) 64-bit data portions 714 may beloaded or read from the 512-bit line of memory 716 into the four (or upto eight) 64-bit registers 710. In other embodiments, the operation maybe an embodiment of a multiple register write to memory operation andthe four (or up to eight) 64-bit data portions 714 may be written orstored from the four (or up to eight) 64-bit registers 710 to the512-bit line of memory 716. In the illustrated example embodiment, alowest order half of the 512-bit line of memory (i.e., including lowestorder four data portions 714-1 through 714-4) is used, although this isnot required. In another embodiment, a highest order half, or some otherportion, may be used instead.

The 512-bit line of memory may also be stored in a 512-bit cache line722 of a cache 709. In some embodiments, data may be exchanged betweenthe memory and the processor (e.g., the cache) over an interconnect 724.In some embodiments, the interconnect 724 may have a bit-width of512-bits, 256-bits, or some other bit width depending on the clockrates, etc. In some embodiments, data may be exchanged between the cacheand the set of four (or up to eight) 64-bit registers over aninterconnect 734. In some embodiments, the interconnect 734 may have abandwidth or bit width of 128-bits or 256-bits (e.g., in the case ofonly four registers being used), or 256-bits or 512-bits (e.g., in thecase of up to eight registers being used), depending on the clock rates,etc. The scope of the invention is not limited to the bit widths of theinterconnect 724 or 734.

It is to be appreciated that these are just a few illustrative examplesof suitable operations. Other examples are contemplated in which eithernarrower (e.g., 256-bit) or wider (e.g., 1024-bit) lines of memory areused. Moreover, other examples are contemplated in which other sizeddata portions and/or registers (e.g., 32-bit registers) are used.

In some embodiments, a same set of registers may be viewed or accessedby a processor (e.g., a memory access unit, execution unit, etc.) aseither a larger number of smaller registers or a fewer number of largerregisters. The same two or more registers which may be viewed oraccessed in one view as separate smaller registers may be viewed oraccessed in the other view as a combined larger single register. Forexample, in some embodiments, an adjacent pair of registers may beviewed separately as two N/2-bit registers or may be logically combinedor grouped together and viewed collectively as a single N-bit register.The same physical registers, and same total number of physical registerbits, may be involved in both scenarios, but they may be viewed andaccessed in different ways. One potential advantage of such anarrangement is the ability to store larger operands (e.g., packed dataoperands) without needing to increase the width of the underlyingphysical registers. This may have potential advantages such as avoidingan increase in the area or footprint the register file occupies on die,avoiding an increase in the amount of data that needs to be swapped inand out of the registers on context switches or power mode transitions,etc.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating an example embodiment in which aset of registers are viewed or accessed as 64-bit registers in a firstview 840, 128-bit registers in a second view 842, and 256-bit registersin a third view 844. In the first view 840 the set of registers (e.g.,physical registers) are logically viewed or accessed as four 64-bitpacked data registers labeled X0-X3.

In the second view 842 the same set of registers (e.g., physicalregisters) are logically viewed or accessed as two (i.e., half as many)128-bit registers labeled Y0-Y1. In the second view 842, the lowestorder 64-bits (i.e., bits 63:0) of the 128-bit register Y0 maps orcorresponds to the 64-bit register X0, whereas the highest order 64-bits(i.e., bits 127:64) of the 128-bit register Y0 maps or corresponds tothe 64-bit register X1. Similarly, the lowest order 64-bits (i.e., bits63:0) of the 128-bit register Y1 maps or corresponds to the 64-bitregister X2, whereas the highest order 64-bits (i.e., bits 127:64) ofthe 128-bit register Y1 maps or corresponds to the 64-bit register X3.Multiple (in this case two) smaller (in this case 64-bit) registers arelogically combined or grouped to form a single larger (in this case128-bit) register.

In the third view 844 the same set of registers (e.g., physicalregisters) are logically viewed or accessed as a single 256-bit registerlabeled Z0. In the third view 844, the lowest order 64-bits (i.e., bits63:0) of the 256-bit register Z0 maps or corresponds to the 64-bitregister X0, the lowest intermediate order 64-bits (i.e., bits 127:64)of the 256-bit register Z0 maps or corresponds to the 64-bit registerX1, the highest intermediate order 64-bits (i.e., bits 191:128) of the256-bit register Z0 maps or corresponds to the 64-bit register X2, andthe highest order 64-bits (i.e., bits 255:192) of the 256-bit registerZ0 maps or corresponds to the 64-bit register X3. In the third view 844,the lowest order 128-bits (i.e., bits 127:0) of the 256-bit register Z0maps or corresponds to the 128-bit register Y0, and the highest order128-bits (i.e., bits 255:128) of the 256-bit register Z0 maps orcorresponds to the 128-bit register Y1.

In various embodiments, the actual physical registers used to implementthe views may be 64-bit registers, 32-bit registers, or 128-bitregisters, although this is not required. In the illustrated embodimentadjacent or sequential registers are used, although this is notrequired. In other embodiments, non-adjacent registers may be combined(e.g., non-adjacent registers in different banks, alternating registers,etc.). In the illustrated embodiment, three different views aresupported, although in other embodiments fewer (e.g. two) or more (e.g.,four or more) different views may be supported.

Furthermore, in other embodiments, the views may use different numbersof bits. For example, in some embodiments, there may be a view where aset of registers may be logically viewed or accessed as a single 512-bitregister in one view, and multiple smaller registers in another view(e.g., two 256-bit registers, four 128-bit registers, eight 64-bitregisters, etc.). Moreover, in other embodiments, there may be a viewwhere a set of registers may be logically viewed or accessed as a single1024-bit register in one view, and multiple smaller registers in anotherview (e.g., two 512-bit registers and/or four 256-bit registers and/oreight 128-bit registers, and/or sixteen 64-bit registers, etc.).

FIG. 9A is a block diagram of a first embodiment of a suitableinstruction format for a multiple register memory access instruction.The instruction format has an operation code or opcode 950A. The opcodemay represent a plurality of bits or one or more fields that areoperable to identify the instruction and/or the operation to beperformed (e.g., a multiple register load from memory operation, amultiple register store to memory operation, or other multiple registermemory access operation). The first instruction format also includes amemory location specifier 952A to specify a memory location. The memorylocation specifier may represent a plurality of bits or one or morefields. The specified memory location may represent a source in the caseof a load from memory instruction, or a destination in the case of awrite to memory instruction. By way of example, the specifier may beused to specify the starting location of the data to be loaded (e.g.,the first byte of the data). The first instruction format also includesan optional register specifier 954A. The register specifier may specifya register. The register specifier may represent a plurality of bits orone or more fields. The specified register may represent a destinationregister in the case of a load from memory instruction, or a sourceregister in the case of a write to memory instruction. Alternatively,the register specifier may optionally be omitted (e.g., the register maybe implicitly indicated by the instruction instead of being explicitlyspecified). In some embodiments, one or more other registers may beindicated based on the explicitly specified or implicitly indicatedregister. For example, one or more predetermined registers may beimplicitly indicated or implicitly associated with the explicitlyspecified or implicitly indicated register. For example, one or moreadjacent, sequential, or consecutive registers may be associated withthe register. As another example, every other register may be associatedwith the register. As yet another example, predetermined sequentialregisters in different register banks may be associated with theregister. One specific example of such an embodiment where theinstruction may implicitly indicate the registers is where the load orstore operation involves all of the architecturally visible registers inthe architecture. Alternatively, a given register may be dedicated tothe multiple register load, store, or other operation and therefore maybe implicit.

FIG. 9B is a block diagram of a second embodiments of a suitableinstruction format for a multiple register memory access instruction.The second instruction format has an operation code or opcode 950B, amemory location specifier 952B, and a register specifier 954B. Each ofthese may be as previously described. The second instruction format alsoincludes an optional number of registers specifier 956 to specify anumber of registers involved in the memory access operation (e.g., to beused as a source in the case of a write to memory operation or adestination in the case of a load from memory operation). By way ofexample, the number of registers specifier may specify or indicate tworegisters, three registers, four registers, or some other number ofregisters. In other embodiments, rather than specifying the number ofregisters, it is also possible to specify the number of bits associatedwith the memory operation (e.g., as a multiple of a given register sizeor number of bits). This field is optional and not required. In anotherembodiment, the number of registers may be implicit (e.g., implicit tothe register specifier 954B, implicit to the opcode 950B, etc.).

FIG. 9C is a block diagram of a third embodiments of a suitableinstruction format for a multiple register memory access instruction.The third instruction format has an operation code or opcode 950C and amemory location specifier 952C. Each of these may be as previouslydescribed. The third instruction format also includes a plurality ofoptional register specifiers 958. In the illustrated embodiment, fourregister specifiers 958-1 through 958-4 are shown, although fewer (e.g.,two, three), or more than four may alternatively be included. Each ofthese specifiers may represent a plurality of bits or one or morefields. These multiple register specifiers may allow explicitspecification of the registers that are to be combined to be involved inthe memory access operation. In some cases, this optional feature may beutilized to optimize or at least improve the performance of code, avoidor at least reduce the number of register-to-register operations to movedata around, etc. These multiple register specifiers are optional andnot required.

These are just a few examples of suitable instruction formats. It is tobe appreciated that additional fields may optionally be added to any ofthese instruction formats. In other embodiments certain explicitlyspecified fields may instead optionally be implicit to the instruction.It is to be appreciated that the specifiers or fields need not includecontiguous sequences of bits but may instead optionally be formed ofnon-contiguous bits. Specifiers or fields may optionally overlap.Additionally, the illustrated order/arrangement of the specifiers orfields is only illustrative. Other embodiments may move or rearrange thefields.

Exemplary Core Architectures, Processors, and Computer Architectures

Processor cores may be implemented in different ways, for differentpurposes, and in different processors. For instance, implementations ofsuch cores may include: 1) a general purpose in-order core intended forgeneral-purpose computing; 2) a high performance general purposeout-of-order core intended for general-purpose computing; 3) a specialpurpose core intended primarily for graphics and/or scientific(throughput) computing. Implementations of different processors mayinclude: 1) a CPU including one or more general purpose in-order coresintended for general-purpose computing and/or one or more generalpurpose out-of-order cores intended for general-purpose computing; and2) a coprocessor including one or more special purpose cores intendedprimarily for graphics and/or scientific (throughput). Such differentprocessors lead to different computer system architectures, which mayinclude: 1) the coprocessor on a separate chip from the CPU; 2) thecoprocessor on a separate die in the same package as a CPU; 3) thecoprocessor on the same die as a CPU (in which case, such a coprocessoris sometimes referred to as special purpose logic, such as integratedgraphics and/or scientific (throughput) logic, or as special purposecores); and 4) a system on a chip that may include on the same die thedescribed CPU (sometimes referred to as the application core(s) orapplication processor(s)), the above described coprocessor, andadditional functionality. Exemplary core architectures are describednext, followed by descriptions of exemplary processors and computerarchitectures.

Exemplary Core Architectures In-Order and Out-of-Order Core BlockDiagram

FIG. 10A is a block diagram illustrating both an exemplary in-orderpipeline and an exemplary register renaming, out-of-orderissue/execution pipeline according to embodiments of the invention. FIG.10B is a block diagram illustrating both an exemplary embodiment of anin-order architecture core and an exemplary register renaming,out-of-order issue/execution architecture core to be included in aprocessor according to embodiments of the invention. The solid linedboxes in FIGS. 10A-B illustrate the in-order pipeline and in-order core,while the optional addition of the dashed lined boxes illustrates theregister renaming, out-of-order issue/execution pipeline and core. Giventhat the in-order aspect is a subset of the out-of-order aspect, theout-of-order aspect will be described.

In FIG. 10A, a processor pipeline 1000 includes a fetch stage 1002, alength decode stage 1004, a decode stage 1006, an allocation stage 1008,a renaming stage 1010, a scheduling (also known as a dispatch or issue)stage 1012, a register read/memory read stage 1014, an execute stage1016, a write back/memory write stage 1018, an exception handling stage1022, and a commit stage 1024.

FIG. 10B shows processor core 1090 including a front end unit 1030coupled to an execution engine unit 1050, and both are coupled to amemory unit 1070. The core 1090 may be a reduced instruction setcomputing (RISC) core, a complex instruction set computing (CISC) core,a very long instruction word (VLIW) core, or a hybrid or alternativecore type. As yet another option, the core 1090 may be a special-purposecore, such as, for example, a network or communication core, compressionengine, coprocessor core, general purpose computing graphics processingunit (GPGPU) core, graphics core, or the like.

The front end unit 1030 includes a branch prediction unit 1032 coupledto an instruction cache unit 1034, which is coupled to an instructiontranslation lookaside buffer (TLB) 1036, which is coupled to aninstruction fetch unit 1038, which is coupled to a decode unit 1040. Thedecode unit 1040 (or decoder) may decode instructions, and generate asan output one or more micro-operations, micro-code entry points,microinstructions, other instructions, or other control signals, whichare decoded from, or which otherwise reflect, or are derived from, theoriginal instructions. The decode unit 1040 may be implemented usingvarious different mechanisms. Examples of suitable mechanisms include,but are not limited to, look-up tables, hardware implementations,programmable logic arrays (PLAs), microcode read only memories (ROMs),etc. In one embodiment, the core 1090 includes a microcode ROM or othermedium that stores microcode for certain macroinstructions (e.g., indecode unit 1040 or otherwise within the front end unit 1030). Thedecode unit 1040 is coupled to a rename/allocator unit 1052 in theexecution engine unit 1050.

The execution engine unit 1050 includes the rename/allocator unit 1052coupled to a retirement unit 1054 and a set of one or more schedulerunit(s) 1056. The scheduler unit(s) 1056 represents any number ofdifferent schedulers, including reservations stations, centralinstruction window, etc. The scheduler unit(s) 1056 is coupled to thephysical register file(s) unit(s) 1058. Each of the physical registerfile(s) units 1058 represents one or more physical register files,different ones of which store one or more different data types, such asscalar integer, scalar floating point, packed integer, packed floatingpoint, vector integer, vector floating point, status (e.g., aninstruction pointer that is the address of the next instruction to beexecuted), etc. In one embodiment, the physical register file(s) unit1058 comprises a vector registers unit, a write mask registers unit, anda scalar registers unit. These register units may provide architecturalvector registers, vector mask registers, and general purpose registers.The physical register file(s) unit(s) 1058 is overlapped by theretirement unit 1054 to illustrate various ways in which registerrenaming and out-of-order execution may be implemented (e.g., using areorder buffer(s) and a retirement register file(s); using a futurefile(s), a history buffer(s), and a retirement register file(s); using aregister maps and a pool of registers; etc.). The retirement unit 1054and the physical register file(s) unit(s) 1058 are coupled to theexecution cluster(s) 1060. The execution cluster(s) 1060 includes a setof one or more execution units 1062 and a set of one or more memoryaccess units 1064. The execution units 1062 may perform variousoperations (e.g., shifts, addition, subtraction, multiplication) and onvarious types of data (e.g., scalar floating point, packed integer,packed floating point, vector integer, vector floating point). Whilesome embodiments may include a number of execution units dedicated tospecific functions or sets of functions, other embodiments may includeonly one execution unit or multiple execution units that all perform allfunctions. The scheduler unit(s) 1056, physical register file(s) unit(s)1058, and execution cluster(s) 1060 are shown as being possibly pluralbecause certain embodiments create separate pipelines for certain typesof data/operations (e.g., a scalar integer pipeline, a scalar floatingpoint/packed integer/packed floating point/vector integer/vectorfloating point pipeline, and/or a memory access pipeline that each havetheir own scheduler unit, physical register file(s) unit, and/orexecution cluster—and in the case of a separate memory access pipeline,certain embodiments are implemented in which only the execution clusterof this pipeline has the memory access unit(s) 1064). It should also beunderstood that where separate pipelines are used, one or more of thesepipelines may be out-of-order issue/execution and the rest in-order.

The set of memory access units 1064 is coupled to the memory unit 1070,which includes a data TLB unit 1072 coupled to a data cache unit 1074coupled to a level 2 (L2) cache unit 1076. In one exemplary embodiment,the memory access units 1064 may include a load unit, a store addressunit, and a store data unit, each of which is coupled to the data TLBunit 1072 in the memory unit 1070. The instruction cache unit 1034 isfurther coupled to a level 2 (L2) cache unit 1076 in the memory unit1070. The L2 cache unit 1076 is coupled to one or more other levels ofcache and eventually to a main memory.

By way of example, the exemplary register renaming, out-of-orderissue/execution core architecture may implement the pipeline 1000 asfollows: 1) the instruction fetch 1038 performs the fetch and lengthdecoding stages 1002 and 1004; 2) the decode unit 1040 performs thedecode stage 1006; 3) the rename/allocator unit 1052 performs theallocation stage 1008 and renaming stage 1010; 4) the scheduler unit(s)1056 performs the schedule stage 1012; 5) the physical register file(s)unit(s) 1058 and the memory unit 1070 perform the register read/memoryread stage 1014; the execution cluster 1060 perform the execute stage1016; 6) the memory unit 1070 and the physical register file(s) unit(s)1058 perform the write back/memory write stage 1018; 7) various unitsmay be involved in the exception handling stage 1022; and 8) theretirement unit 1054 and the physical register file(s) unit(s) 1058perform the commit stage 1024.

The core 1090 may support one or more instructions sets (e.g., the x86instruction set (with some extensions that have been added with newerversions); the MIPS instruction set of MIPS Technologies of Sunnyvale,Calif.; the ARM instruction set (with optional additional extensionssuch as NEON) of ARM Holdings of Sunnyvale, Calif.), including theinstruction(s) described herein. In one embodiment, the core 1090includes logic to support a packed data instruction set extension (e.g.,AVX1, AVX2), thereby allowing the operations used by many multimediaapplications to be performed using packed data.

It should be understood that the core may support multithreading(executing two or more parallel sets of operations or threads), and maydo so in a variety of ways including time sliced multithreading,simultaneous multithreading (where a single physical core provides alogical core for each of the threads that physical core issimultaneously multithreading), or a combination thereof (e.g., timesliced fetching and decoding and simultaneous multithreading thereaftersuch as in the Intel® Hyperthreading technology).

While register renaming is described in the context of out-of-orderexecution, it should be understood that register renaming may be used inan in-order architecture. While the illustrated embodiment of theprocessor also includes separate instruction and data cache units1034/1074 and a shared L2 cache unit 1076, alternative embodiments mayhave a single internal cache for both instructions and data, such as,for example, a Level 1 (L1) internal cache, or multiple levels ofinternal cache. In some embodiments, the system may include acombination of an internal cache and an external cache that is externalto the core and/or the processor. Alternatively, all of the cache may beexternal to the core and/or the processor.

Specific Exemplary In-Order Core Architecture

FIGS. 11A-B illustrate a block diagram of a more specific exemplaryin-order core architecture, which core would be one of several logicblocks (including other cores of the same type and/or different types)in a chip. The logic blocks communicate through a high-bandwidthinterconnect network (e.g., a ring network) with some fixed functionlogic, memory I/O interfaces, and other necessary I/O logic, dependingon the application.

FIG. 11A is a block diagram of a single processor core, along with itsconnection to the on-die interconnect network 1102 and with its localsubset of the Level 2 (L2) cache 1104, according to embodiments of theinvention. In one embodiment, an instruction decoder 1100 supports thex86 instruction set with a packed data instruction set extension. An L1cache 1106 allows low-latency accesses to cache memory into the scalarand vector units. While in one embodiment (to simplify the design), ascalar unit 1108 and a vector unit 1110 use separate register sets(respectively, scalar registers 1112 and vector registers 1114) and datatransferred between them is written to memory and then read back in froma level 1 (L1) cache 1106, alternative embodiments of the invention mayuse a different approach (e.g., use a single register set or include acommunication path that allow data to be transferred between the tworegister files without being written and read back).

The local subset of the L2 cache 1104 is part of a global L2 cache thatis divided into separate local subsets, one per processor core. Eachprocessor core has a direct access path to its own local subset of theL2 cache 1104. Data read by a processor core is stored in its L2 cachesubset 1104 and can be accessed quickly, in parallel with otherprocessor cores accessing their own local L2 cache subsets. Data writtenby a processor core is stored in its own L2 cache subset 1104 and isflushed from other subsets, if necessary. The ring network ensurescoherency for shared data. The ring network is bi-directional to allowagents such as processor cores, L2 caches and other logic blocks tocommunicate with each other within the chip. Each ring data-path is1012-bits wide per direction.

FIG. 11B is an expanded view of part of the processor core in FIG. 11Aaccording to embodiments of the invention. FIG. 11B includes an L1 datacache 1106A part of the L1 cache 1104, as well as more detail regardingthe vector unit 1110 and the vector registers 1114. Specifically, thevector unit 1110 is a 16-wide vector processing unit (VPU) (see the16-wide ALU 1128), which executes one or more of integer,single-precision float, and double-precision float instructions. The VPUsupports swizzling the register inputs with swizzle unit 1120, numericconversion with numeric convert units 1122A-B, and replication withreplication unit 1124 on the memory input. Write mask registers 1126allow predicating resulting vector writes.

Processor with Integrated Memory Controller and Graphics

FIG. 12 is a block diagram of a processor 1200 that may have more thanone core, may have an integrated memory controller, and may haveintegrated graphics according to embodiments of the invention. The solidlined boxes in FIG. 12 illustrate a processor 1200 with a single core1202A, a system agent 1210, a set of one or more bus controller units1216, while the optional addition of the dashed lined boxes illustratesan alternative processor 1200 with multiple cores 1202A-N, a set of oneor more integrated memory controller unit(s) 1214 in the system agentunit 1210, and special purpose logic 1208.

Thus, different implementations of the processor 1200 may include: 1) aCPU with the special purpose logic 1208 being integrated graphics and/orscientific (throughput) logic (which may include one or more cores), andthe cores 1202A-N being one or more general purpose cores (e.g., generalpurpose in-order cores, general purpose out-of-order cores, acombination of the two); 2) a coprocessor with the cores 1202A-N being alarge number of special purpose cores intended primarily for graphicsand/or scientific (throughput); and 3) a coprocessor with the cores1202A-N being a large number of general purpose in-order cores. Thus,the processor 1200 may be a general-purpose processor, coprocessor orspecial-purpose processor, such as, for example, a network orcommunication processor, compression engine, graphics processor, GPGPU(general purpose graphics processing unit), a high-throughput manyintegrated core (MIC) coprocessor (including 30 or more cores), embeddedprocessor, or the like. The processor may be implemented on one or morechips. The processor 1200 may be a part of and/or may be implemented onone or more substrates using any of a number of process technologies,such as, for example, BiCMOS, CMOS, or NMOS.

The memory hierarchy includes one or more levels of cache within thecores, a set or one or more shared cache units 1206, and external memory(not shown) coupled to the set of integrated memory controller units1214. The set of shared cache units 1206 may include one or moremid-level caches, such as level 2 (L2), level 3 (L3), level 4 (L4), orother levels of cache, a last level cache (LLC), and/or combinationsthereof. While in one embodiment a ring based interconnect unit 1212interconnects the integrated graphics logic 1208, the set of sharedcache units 1206, and the system agent unit 1210/integrated memorycontroller unit(s) 1214, alternative embodiments may use any number ofwell-known techniques for interconnecting such units. In one embodiment,coherency is maintained between one or more cache units 1206 and cores1202-A-N.

In some embodiments, one or more of the cores 1202A-N are capable ofmulti-threading. The system agent 1210 includes those componentscoordinating and operating cores 1202A-N. The system agent unit 1210 mayinclude for example a power control unit (PCU) and a display unit. ThePCU may be or include logic and components needed for regulating thepower state of the cores 1202A-N and the integrated graphics logic 1208.The display unit is for driving one or more externally connecteddisplays.

The cores 1202A-N may be homogenous or heterogeneous in terms ofarchitecture instruction set; that is, two or more of the cores 1202A-Nmay be capable of execution the same instruction set, while others maybe capable of executing only a subset of that instruction set or adifferent instruction set.

Exemplary Computer Architectures

FIGS. 13-16 are block diagrams of exemplary computer architectures.Other system designs and configurations known in the arts for laptops,desktops, handheld PCs, personal digital assistants, engineeringworkstations, servers, network devices, network hubs, switches, embeddedprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs), graphics devices, videogame devices, set-top boxes, micro controllers, cell phones, portablemedia players, hand held devices, and various other electronic devices,are also suitable. In general, a huge variety of systems or electronicdevices capable of incorporating a processor and/or other executionlogic as disclosed herein are generally suitable.

Referring now to FIG. 13, shown is a block diagram of a system 1300 inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The system 1300may include one or more processors 1310, 1315, which are coupled to acontroller hub 1320. In one embodiment the controller hub 1320 includesa graphics memory controller hub (GMCH) 1390 and an Input/Output Hub(IOH) 1350 (which may be on separate chips); the GMCH 1390 includesmemory and graphics controllers to which are coupled memory 1340 and acoprocessor 1345; the IOH 1350 is couples input/output (I/O) devices1360 to the GMCH 1390. Alternatively, one or both of the memory andgraphics controllers are integrated within the processor (as describedherein), the memory 1340 and the coprocessor 1345 are coupled directlyto the processor 1310, and the controller hub 1320 in a single chip withthe IOH 1350.

The optional nature of additional processors 1315 is denoted in FIG. 13with broken lines. Each processor 1310, 1315 may include one or more ofthe processing cores described herein and may be some version of theprocessor 1200.

The memory 1340 may be, for example, dynamic random access memory(DRAM), phase change memory (PCM), or a combination of the two. For atleast one embodiment, the controller hub 1320 communicates with theprocessor(s) 1310, 1315 via a multi-drop bus, such as a frontside bus(FSB), point-to-point interface such as QuickPath Interconnect (QPI), orsimilar connection 1395.

In one embodiment, the coprocessor 1345 is a special-purpose processor,such as, for example, a high-throughput MIC processor, a network orcommunication processor, compression engine, graphics processor, GPGPU,embedded processor, or the like. In one embodiment, controller hub 1320may include an integrated graphics accelerator.

There can be a variety of differences between the physical resources1310, 1315 in terms of a spectrum of metrics of merit includingarchitectural, microarchitectural, thermal, power consumptioncharacteristics, and the like.

In one embodiment, the processor 1310 executes instructions that controldata processing operations of a general type. Embedded within theinstructions may be coprocessor instructions. The processor 1310recognizes these coprocessor instructions as being of a type that shouldbe executed by the attached coprocessor 1345. Accordingly, the processor1310 issues these coprocessor instructions (or control signalsrepresenting coprocessor instructions) on a coprocessor bus or otherinterconnect, to coprocessor 1345. Coprocessor(s) 1345 accept andexecute the received coprocessor instructions.

Referring now to FIG. 14, shown is a block diagram of a first morespecific exemplary system 1400 in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention. As shown in FIG. 14, multiprocessor system 1400 is apoint-to-point interconnect system, and includes a first processor 1470and a second processor 1480 coupled via a point-to-point interconnect1450. Each of processors 1470 and 1480 may be some version of theprocessor 1200. In one embodiment of the invention, processors 1470 and1480 are respectively processors 1310 and 1315, while coprocessor 1438is coprocessor 1345. In another embodiment, processors 1470 and 1480 arerespectively processor 1310 coprocessor 1345.

Processors 1470 and 1480 are shown including integrated memorycontroller (IMC) units 1472 and 1482, respectively. Processor 1470 alsoincludes as part of its bus controller units point-to-point (P-P)interfaces 1476 and 1478; similarly, second processor 1480 includes P-Pinterfaces 1486 and 1488. Processors 1470, 1480 may exchange informationvia a point-to-point (P-P) interface 1450 using P-P interface circuits1478, 1488. As shown in FIG. 14, IMCs 1472 and 1482 couple theprocessors to respective memories, namely a memory 1432 and a memory1434, which may be portions of main memory locally attached to therespective processors.

Processors 1470, 1480 may each exchange information with a chipset 1490via individual P-P interfaces 1452, 1454 using point to point interfacecircuits 1476, 1494, 1486, 1498. Chipset 1490 may optionally exchangeinformation with the coprocessor 1438 via a high-performance interface1439. In one embodiment, the coprocessor 1438 is a special-purposeprocessor, such as, for example, a high-throughput MIC processor, anetwork or communication processor, compression engine, graphicsprocessor, GPGPU, embedded processor, or the like.

A shared cache (not shown) may be included in either processor oroutside of both processors, yet connected with the processors via P-Pinterconnect, such that either or both processors' local cacheinformation may be stored in the shared cache if a processor is placedinto a low power mode.

Chipset 1490 may be coupled to a first bus 1416 via an interface 1496.In one embodiment, first bus 1416 may be a Peripheral ComponentInterconnect (PCI) bus, or a bus such as a PCI Express bus or anotherthird generation I/O interconnect bus, although the scope of the presentinvention is not so limited.

As shown in FIG. 14, various I/O devices 1414 may be coupled to firstbus 1416, along with a bus bridge 1418 which couples first bus 1416 to asecond bus 1420. In one embodiment, one or more additional processor(s)1415, such as coprocessors, high-throughput MIC processors, GPGPU's,accelerators (such as, e.g., graphics accelerators or digital signalprocessing (DSP) units), field programmable gate arrays, or any otherprocessor, are coupled to first bus 1416. In one embodiment, second bus1420 may be a low pin count (LPC) bus. Various devices may be coupled toa second bus 1420 including, for example, a keyboard and/or mouse 1422,communication devices 1427 and a storage unit 1428 such as a disk driveor other mass storage device which may include instructions/code anddata 1430, in one embodiment. Further, an audio I/O 1424 may be coupledto the second bus 1420. Note that other architectures are possible. Forexample, instead of the point-to-point architecture of FIG. 14, a systemmay implement a multi-drop bus or other such architecture.

Referring now to FIG. 15, shown is a block diagram of a second morespecific exemplary system 1500 in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention. Like elements in FIGS. 14-15 bear like referencenumerals, and certain aspects of FIG. 14 have been omitted from FIG. 15in order to avoid obscuring other aspects of FIG. 15.

FIG. 15 illustrates that the processors 1470, 1480 may includeintegrated memory and I/O control logic (“CL”) 1472 and 1482,respectively. Thus, the CL 1472, 1482 include integrated memorycontroller units and include I/O control logic. FIG. 15 illustrates thatnot only are the memories 1432, 1434 coupled to the CL 1472, 1482, butalso that I/O devices 1514 are also coupled to the control logic 1472,1482. Legacy I/O devices 1515 are coupled to the chipset 1490.

Referring now to FIG. 16, shown is a block diagram of a SoC 1600 inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Similar elementsin FIG. 12 bear like reference numerals. Also, dashed lined boxes areoptional features on more advanced SoCs. In FIG. 16, an interconnectunit(s) 1602 is coupled to: an application processor 1610 which includesa set of one or more cores 202A-N and shared cache unit(s) 1206; asystem agent unit 1210; a bus controller unit(s) 1216; an integratedmemory controller unit(s) 1214; a set or one or more coprocessors 1620which may include integrated graphics logic, an image processor, anaudio processor, and a video processor; an static random access memory(SRAM) unit 1630; a direct memory access (DMA) unit 1632; and a displayunit 1640 for coupling to one or more external displays. In oneembodiment, the coprocessor(s) 1620 include a special-purpose processor,such as, for example, a network or communication processor, compressionengine, GPGPU, a high-throughput MIC processor, embedded processor, orthe like.

Embodiments of the mechanisms disclosed herein may be implemented inhardware, software, firmware, or a combination of such implementationapproaches. Embodiments of the invention may be implemented as computerprograms or program code executing on programmable systems comprising atleast one processor, a storage system (including volatile andnon-volatile memory and/or storage elements), at least one input device,and at least one output device.

Program code, such as code 1430 illustrated in FIG. 14, may be appliedto input instructions to perform the functions described herein andgenerate output information. The output information may be applied toone or more output devices, in known fashion. For purposes of thisapplication, a processing system includes any system that has aprocessor, such as, for example; a digital signal processor (DSP), amicrocontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or amicroprocessor.

The program code may be implemented in a high level procedural or objectoriented programming language to communicate with a processing system.The program code may also be implemented in assembly or machinelanguage, if desired. In fact, the mechanisms described herein are notlimited in scope to any particular programming language. In any case,the language may be a compiled or interpreted language.

One or more aspects of at least one embodiment may be implemented byrepresentative instructions stored on a machine-readable medium whichrepresents various logic within the processor, which when read by amachine causes the machine to fabricate logic to perform the techniquesdescribed herein. Such representations, known as “IP cores” may bestored on a tangible, machine readable medium and supplied to variouscustomers or manufacturing facilities to load into the fabricationmachines that actually make the logic or processor.

Such machine-readable storage media may include, without limitation,non-transitory, tangible arrangements of articles manufactured or formedby a machine or device, including storage media such as hard disks, anyother type of disk including floppy disks, optical disks, compact diskread-only memories (CD-ROMs), compact disk rewritable's (CD-RWs), andmagneto-optical disks, semiconductor devices such as read-only memories(ROMs), random access memories (RAMs) such as dynamic random accessmemories (DRAMs), static random access memories (SRAMs), erasableprogrammable read-only memories (EPROMs), flash memories, electricallyerasable programmable read-only memories (EEPROMs), phase change memory(PCM), magnetic or optical cards, or any other type of media suitablefor storing electronic instructions.

Accordingly, embodiments of the invention also include non-transitory,tangible machine-readable media containing instructions or containingdesign data, such as Hardware Description Language (HDL), which definesstructures, circuits, apparatuses, processors and/or system featuresdescribed herein. Such embodiments may also be referred to as programproducts.

Emulation (Including Binary Translation, Code Morphing, Etc.)

In some cases, an instruction converter may be used to convert aninstruction from a source instruction set to a target instruction set.For example, the instruction converter may translate (e.g., using staticbinary translation, dynamic binary translation including dynamiccompilation), morph, emulate, or otherwise convert an instruction to oneor more other instructions to be processed by the core. The instructionconverter may be implemented in software, hardware, firmware, or acombination thereof. The instruction converter may be on processor, offprocessor, or part on and part off processor.

FIG. 17 is a block diagram contrasting the use of a software instructionconverter to convert binary instructions in a source instruction set tobinary instructions in a target instruction set according to embodimentsof the invention. In the illustrated embodiment, the instructionconverter is a software instruction converter, although alternativelythe instruction converter may be implemented in software, firmware,hardware, or various combinations thereof. FIG. 17 shows a program in ahigh level language 1702 may be compiled using an x86 compiler 1704 togenerate x86 binary code 1706 that may be natively executed by aprocessor with at least one x86 instruction set core 1716. The processorwith at least one x86 instruction set core 1716 represents any processorthat can perform substantially the same functions as an Intel processorwith at least one x86 instruction set core by compatibly executing orotherwise processing (1) a substantial portion of the instruction set ofthe Intel x86 instruction set core or (2) object code versions ofapplications or other software targeted to run on an Intel processorwith at least one x86 instruction set core, in order to achievesubstantially the same result as an Intel processor with at least onex86 instruction set core. The x86 compiler 1704 represents a compilerthat is operable to generate x86 binary code 1706 (e.g., object code)that can, with or without additional linkage processing, be executed onthe processor with at least one x86 instruction set core 1716.Similarly, FIG. 17 shows the program in the high level language 1702 maybe compiled using an alternative instruction set compiler 1708 togenerate alternative instruction set binary code 1710 that may benatively executed by a processor without at least one x86 instructionset core 1714 (e.g., a processor with cores that execute the MIPSinstruction set of MIPS Technologies of Sunnyvale, Calif. and/or thatexecute the ARM instruction set of ARM Holdings of Sunnyvale, Calif.).The instruction converter 1712 is used to convert the x86 binary code1706 into code that may be natively executed by the processor without anx86 instruction set core 1714. This converted code is not likely to bethe same as the alternative instruction set binary code 1710 because aninstruction converter capable of this is difficult to make; however, theconverted code will accomplish the general operation and be made up ofinstructions from the alternative instruction set. Thus, the instructionconverter 1712 represents software, firmware, hardware, or a combinationthereof that, through emulation, simulation or any other process, allowsa processor or other electronic device that does not have an x86instruction set processor or core to execute the x86 binary code 1706.

Components, features, and details described for any of FIGS. 3-4 mayalso optionally be used in any of FIGS. 1-2. Components, features, anddetails described for any of FIGS. 5-9 may also optionally be used inany of FIGS. 1-4. Moreover, components, features, and details describedherein for any of the processors or instruction processing apparatus mayalso optionally be used in any of the methods described herein, which inembodiments may be performed by and/or with such processors orapparatus.

In the description and claims, the terms “coupled” and/or “connected,”along with their derivatives, have be used. It should be understood thatthese terms are not intended as synonyms for each other. Rather, inparticular embodiments, “connected” may be used to indicate that two ormore elements are in direct physical or electrical contact with eachother. “Coupled” may mean that two or more elements are in directphysical or electrical contact. However, “coupled” may also mean thattwo or more elements are not in direct contact with each other, but yetstill co-operate or interact with each other. For example, a memoryaccess unit may be coupled with a set of registers and/or a decode unitthrough one or more intervening components. In the figures, arrows areused to show couplings.

In the description and claims, the term “logic” may have been used. Asused herein, logic may include hardware, firmware, software, or variouscombinations thereof. Examples of logic include integrated circuitry,application specific integrated circuits, analog circuits, digitalcircuits, programmed logic devices, memory devices includinginstructions, etc. In some embodiments, hardware logic may includetransistors and/or gates potentially along with other circuitrycomponents.

In the description above, specific details have been set forth in orderto provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments. However, otherembodiments may be practiced without some of these specific details. Thescope of the invention is not to be determined by the specific examplesprovided above but only by the claims below. In other instances,well-known circuits, structures, devices, and operations have been shownin block diagram form or without detail in order to avoid obscuring theunderstanding of the description. Where multiple components have beenshown and described, in some cases these multiple components may beincorporated into one component. Where a single component has been shownand described, in some cases this single component may be separated intotwo or more components.

Various operations and methods have been described. Some of the methodshave been described in a relatively basic form in the flow diagrams, butoperations may optionally be added to and/or removed from the methods.In addition, while the flow diagrams show a particular order of theoperations according to example embodiments, that particular order isexemplary. Alternate embodiments may optionally perform the operationsin different order, combine certain operations, overlap certainoperations, etc.

Certain operations may be performed by hardware components, or may beembodied in machine-executable or circuit-executable instructions, thatmay be used to cause and/or result in a machine, circuit, or hardwarecomponent (e.g., a processor, potion of a processor, circuit, etc.)programmed with the instructions performing the operations. Theoperations may also optionally be performed by a combination of hardwareand software. A processor, machine, circuit, or hardware may includespecific or particular circuitry or other logic (e.g., hardwarepotentially combined with firmware and/or software) is operable toexecute and/or process the instruction and store a result in response tothe instruction.

Some embodiments include an article of manufacture (e.g., a computerprogram product) that includes a machine-readable medium. The medium mayinclude a mechanism that provides, for example stores, information in aform that is readable by the machine. The machine-readable medium mayprovide, or have stored thereon, an instruction or sequence ofinstructions, that if and/or when executed by a machine are operable tocause the machine to perform and/or result in the machine performing oneor operations, methods, or techniques disclosed herein. Themachine-readable medium may provide, for example store, one or more ofthe embodiments of the instructions disclosed herein.

In some embodiments, the machine-readable medium may include a tangibleand/or non-transitory machine-readable storage medium. For example, thetangible and/or non-transitory machine-readable storage medium mayinclude a floppy diskette, an optical storage medium, an optical disk,an optical data storage device, a CD-ROM, a magnetic disk, amagneto-optical disk, a read only memory (ROM), a programmable ROM(PROM), an erasable-and-programmable ROM (EPROM), anelectrically-erasable-and-programmable ROM (EEPROM), a random accessmemory (RAM), a static-RAM (SRAM), a dynamic-RAM (DRAM), a Flash memory,a phase-change memory, a phase-change data storage material, anon-volatile memory, a non-volatile data storage device, anon-transitory memory, a non-transitory data storage device, or thelike. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium does notconsist of a transitory propagated signal. In another embodiment, themachine-readable medium may include a transitory machine-readablecommunication medium, for example, the electrical, optical, acousticalor other forms of propagated signals, such as carrier waves, infraredsignals, digital signals, or the like.

Examples of suitable machines include, but are not limited to,general-purpose processors, special-purpose processors, instructionprocessing apparatus, digital logic circuits, integrated circuits, andthe like. Still other examples of suitable machines include computingdevices and other electronic devices that incorporate such processors,instruction processing apparatus, digital logic circuits, or integratedcircuits. Examples of such computing devices and electronic devicesinclude, but are not limited to, desktop computers, laptop computers,notebook computers, tablet computers, netbooks, smartphones, cellularphones, servers, network devices (e.g., routers and switches.), MobileInternet devices (MIDs), media players, smart televisions, nettops,set-top boxes, and video game controllers.

Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment,” “anembodiment,” “one or more embodiments,” “some embodiments,” for example,indicates that a particular feature may be included in the practice ofthe invention but is not necessarily required to be. Similarly, in thedescription various features are sometimes grouped together in a singleembodiment, Figure, or description thereof for the purpose ofstreamlining the disclosure and aiding in the understanding of variousinventive aspects. This method of disclosure, however, is not to beinterpreted as reflecting an intention that the invention requires morefeatures than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as thefollowing claims reflect, inventive aspects lie in less than allfeatures of a single disclosed embodiment. Thus, the claims followingthe Detailed Description are hereby expressly incorporated into thisDetailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separateembodiment of the invention.

EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS

The following examples pertain to further embodiments. Specifics in theexamples may be used anywhere in one or more embodiments.

Example 1 is a processor that includes a plurality of N-bit registers.The processor also includes a decode unit to receive a multiple registermemory access instruction. The multiple register memory accessinstruction is to indicate a memory location and is to indicate aregister. The processor also includes a memory access unit coupled withthe decode unit and with the plurality of the N-bit registers. Thememory access unit is to perform a multiple register memory accessoperation in response to the multiple register memory accessinstruction. The multiple register memory access operation is to involveN-bit data, in each of the plurality of the N-bit registers that are tocomprise the indicated register. The multiple register memory accessoperation is also to involve different corresponding N-bit portions ofan M×N-bit line of memory, that is to correspond to the indicated memorylocation. Optionally, a total number of bits of the N-bit data in theplurality of the N-bit registers to be involved in the multiple registermemory access operation is to amount to at least half of the M×N-bits ofthe line of memory.

Example 2 includes the processor of Example 1 and optionally in whichthe memory access unit is to perform the operation in which the totalnumber of bits of the N-bit data in the plurality of the N-bit registersto be involved in the multiple register memory access operation is toamount to all of the M×N-bits of the line of memory.

Example 3 includes the processor of Example 1 and optionally in whichthe memory access unit is to perform the operation in which the totalnumber of bits of the N-bit data in the plurality of the N-bit registersto be involved in the multiple register memory access operation is toamount to at least 256-bits.

Example 4 includes the processor of Example 3 and optionally in whichthe memory access unit is to perform the operation in which the totalnumber of bits of the N-bit data in the plurality of the N-bit registersto be involved in the multiple register memory access operation is toamount to at least 512-bits.

Example 5 includes the processor of any preceding example and optionallyin which the memory access unit is to perform the operation that is toinvolve the N-bit data in each of at least three N-bit registers.

Example 6 includes the processor of any preceding example and optionallyin which the memory access unit is to perform the operation that is toinvolve the N-bit data in each of at least four N-bit registers.

Example 7 includes the processor of Example 1 and optionally in whichthe memory access unit is to perform the operation that is to involve128-bit data, in each of at least four 128-bit registers, and thedifferent corresponding 128-bit portions of the line of memory that isto be at least 512-bits.

Example 8 includes the processor of Example 1 and optionally in whichthe memory access unit is to perform the operation that is to involve256-bit data, in each of at least two 256-bit registers, and thedifferent corresponding 256-bit portions of the line of memory that isto be at least 512-bits.

Example 9 includes the processor of any of Examples 1-8 and optionallyin which the processor includes a reduced instruction set computing(RISC) processor, and in which the multiple register memory accessinstruction includes a multiple register load from memory instruction,and in which the memory access unit is to load the different N-bitportions of the M×N-bit line of memory in each of the plurality of theN-bit registers, in response to the multiple register load from memoryinstruction. Optionally, the total number of bits of the different N-bitportions to be loaded in the plurality of the N-bit registers from theM×N-bit line of memory is to amount to at least half of the M×N-bits ofthe line of memory.

Example 10 includes the processor of Example 9 and optionally in whichthe memory access unit is to load different 128-bit portions of the lineof memory which is at least 512-bits in each of at least four 128-bitregisters.

Example 11 includes the processor of Example 9 and optionally in whichthe memory access unit is to load different 256-bit portions of the lineof memory which is at least 512-bits in each of at least two 256-bitregisters.

Example 12 includes the processor of any of Example 1-8 and optionallyin which the processor includes a reduced instruction set computing(RISC) processor, and in which the multiple register memory accessinstruction includes a multiple register write to memory instruction,and in which the memory access unit is to write the N-bit data, fromeach of the plurality of the N-bit registers, to the differentcorresponding N-bit portions of the M×N-bit line of memory, in responseto the multiple register write to memory instruction. Optionally, thetotal number of bits of the N-bit data to be written from the pluralityof the N-bit registers to the M×N-bit line of memory is to amount to atleast half of the M×N-bits of the line of memory. Optionally, the atleast half of the M×N-bits of the line of memory is at least 256-bits.

Example 13 includes the processor of any of Example 1-8 and optionallyin which the multiple register memory access instruction is toexplicitly specify each of the plurality of registers.

Example 14 includes the processor of any of Example 1-8 and optionallyin which the multiple register memory access instruction is to specify anumber of the plurality of registers.

Example 15 is a method performed by a processor that includes receivinga multiple register memory access instruction. The multiple registermemory access instruction indicates a memory location and indicating aregister. The method includes performing a multiple register memoryaccess operation in response to the multiple register memory accessinstruction. The operation involves N-bit data, in each of a pluralityof N-bit registers that comprise the indicated register. The operationalso involves different corresponding N-bit portions of an M×N-bit lineof memory, corresponding to the indicated memory location. Optionally, atotal number of bits of the N-bit data in the plurality of the N-bitregisters involved in the multiple register memory access operationamounts to at least half of the M×N-bits of the line of memory.

Example 16 includes the method of Example 15 and optionally in which thetotal number of bits of the N-bit data in the plurality of the N-bitregisters involved in the multiple register memory access operationamounts to all of the M×N-bits of the line of memory.

Example 17 includes the method of Example 15 and optionally in which thetotal number of bits of the N-bit data in the plurality of the N-bitregisters involved in the multiple register memory access operationamounts to at least 256-bits.

Example 18 includes the method of any preceding example and optionallyin which performing includes performing the operation involving theN-bit data in each of at least four N-bit registers.

Example 19 includes the method of Example 15 and optionally in whichperforming includes performing the operation involving 128-bit data, ineach of at least four 128-bit registers, and the different corresponding128-bit portions of the line of memory which is at least 512-bits.

Example 20 includes the method of Example 15 and optionally in whichperforming includes performing the operation involving 256-bit data, ineach of at least two 256-bit registers, and the different corresponding256-bit portions of the line of memory which is at least 512-bits.

Example 21 includes the method of any of Examples 15-20 and optionallyin which receiving includes receiving a multiple register load frommemory instruction, and in which performing includes loading thedifferent N-bit portions of the M×N-bit line of memory in each of theplurality of the N-bit registers, in response to the multiple registerload from memory instruction. Optionally, the total number of bits ofthe different N-bit portions loaded in the plurality of the N-bitregisters from the M×N-bit line of memory amounts to at least half ofthe M×N-bits of the line of memory.

Example 22 includes the method of Example 21 and optionally in whichperforming includes loading different 128-bit portions of the line ofmemory which is at least 512-bits in each of at least four 128-bitregisters.

Example 23 includes the method of Example 21 and optionally in whichperforming includes loading different 256-bit portions of the line ofmemory which is at least 512-bits in each of at least two 256-bitregisters.

Example 24 includes the method of any of Examples 15-20 and optionallyin which receiving includes receiving a multiple register write tomemory instruction, and in which performing includes writing the N-bitdata, from each of the plurality of the N-bit registers, to thedifferent corresponding N-bit portions of the M×N-bit line of memory, inresponse to the multiple register write to memory instruction.Optionally, the total number of bits of the N-bit data written from theplurality of the N-bit registers to the M×N-bit line of memory amountsto at least half of the M×N-bits of the line of memory. Optionally, theat least half of the M×N-bits of the line of memory is at least256-bits.

Example 25 is a system to process instructions that includes aninterconnect, a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) coupled with theinterconnect, and a processor coupled with the interconnect. Theprocessor, in response to a multiple register memory access instructionthat is to indicate a memory location in the DRAM and a register, is toperform a multiple register memory access operation. The operation is toinvolve N-bit data, in each of a plurality of N-bit registers of theprocessor that are to comprise the indicated register. The operation isalso to involve different corresponding N-bit portions of an M×N-bitline of the DRAM that is to correspond to the indicated memory location.Optionally, a total number of bits of the N-bit data in the plurality ofthe N-bit registers to be involved in the multiple register memoryaccess operation is to amount to at least half of the M×N-bits of theline of memory.

Example 26 includes the system of Example 25 and optionally in which thetotal number of bits of the N-bit data in the plurality of the N-bitregisters to be involved in the multiple register memory accessoperation is to amount to all of the M×N-bits of the line of memorywhich is at least 512-bits.

Example 27 is an article of manufacture that includes a non-transitorymachine-readable storage medium storing a multiple register memoryaccess instruction. The multiple register memory access instruction isto indicate a memory location and a register. The multiple registermemory access instruction if processed by a machine is operable to causethe machine to perform operations including performing a multipleregister memory access operation involving N-bit data, in each of aplurality of N-bit registers that are to comprise the indicatedregister. The operation is also to involve different corresponding N-bitportions of an M×N-bit line of memory, that is to correspond to theindicated memory location. Optionally, a total number of bits of theN-bit data in the plurality of the N-bit registers involved in themultiple register memory access operation amounts to at least half ofthe M×N-bits of the line of memory.

Example 28 includes the article of manufacture of Example 27 andoptionally in which the total number of bits of the N-bit data in theplurality of the N-bit registers to be involved in the multiple registermemory access operation is to amount to all of the M×N-bits of the lineof memory which is at least 512-bits.

Example 29 is a processor that includes means for receiving a multipleregister memory access instruction. The multiple register memory accessinstruction is to indicate a memory location and indicating a register.The processor also includes means for performing a multiple registermemory access operation in response to the multiple register memoryaccess instruction. The operation is to involve N-bit data, in each of aplurality of N-bit registers that comprise the indicated register. Theoperation also is to involve different corresponding N-bit portions ofan M×N-bit line of memory, corresponding to the indicated memorylocation. Optionally, a total number of bits of the N-bit data in theplurality of the N-bit registers involved in the multiple registermemory access operation amounts to at least half of the M×N-bits of theline of memory.

Example 30 includes the processor of Example 29 and optionally in whichthe total number of bits of the N-bit data in the plurality of the N-bitregisters involved in the multiple register memory access operationamounts to all of the M×N-bits of the line of memory.

Example 31 is a machine-readable storage medium storing an instructionthat if executed by a machine is to cause the machine to perform themethod of any of Examples 15-24.

Example 32 is a processor to perform the method of any of Examples15-24.

Example 33 is a processor including means for performing the method ofany of Examples 15-24.

Example 34 is a processor including integrated circuitry and/or logicand/or units and/or components and/or modules, or any combinationthereof, to perform the methods of any of Examples 15-24.

Example 35 is a computer system including a processor and optionallyincluding a dynamic random access memory (DRAM), the computer system toperform the method of any of Examples 15-24.

Example 36 is a processor to perform a method or operation substantiallyas described herein.

Example 37 is a processor including means for performing a method oroperation substantially as described herein.

Example 38 is a processor to execute an instruction substantially asdescribed herein.

Example 39 is a processor including means for performing operations ofan instruction substantially as described herein.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system comprising: a system memory; and aprocessor coupled to the system memory, the processor comprising: acache to store a plurality of cache lines; a plurality of generalpurpose registers; a plurality of 128-bit packed data registers,including a first source 128-bit packed data register, and a secondsource 128-bit packed data register; an instruction fetch unit to fetchinstructions, including a store to memory instruction; a decode unit todecode the store to memory instruction, the store to memory instructionhaving a first field to specify the first source 128-bit packed dataregister, having a second field to specify the second source 128-bitpacked data register, and indicating a starting memory location in thesystem memory at which to store data; and a memory access unit coupledto the decode unit, and coupled to the plurality of 128-bit packed dataregisters, the memory access unit to perform a store to memoryoperation, in response to the decoded store to memory instruction, thestore to memory operation to: store a first 128-bit data from the firstsource 128-bit packed data register to the system memory starting at theindicated starting memory location; and store a second 128-bit data fromthe second source 128-bit packed data register to the system memory at alocation adjacently after the first 128-bit data.
 2. The system of claim1, further comprising a plurality of write mask registers to predicateresult vector writes.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the processorfurther comprises a 16-wide vector processing unit to executedouble-precision float instructions.
 4. The system of claim 1, whereinthe cache is to store 512-bit cache lines.
 5. The system of claim 1,wherein the cache is to store 1024-bit cache lines.
 6. The system ofclaim 1, wherein the cache is to store cache lines that are a multipleof a width of the 128-bit packed data registers.
 7. The system of claim1, wherein the processor further comprises: a branch prediction unit;and a translation lookaside buffer (TLB).
 8. The system of claim 1,wherein the processor is a reduced instruction set computing (RISC)processor.
 9. The system of claim 1, further comprising audio I/Ocoupled to the processor.
 10. The system of claim 1, further comprisinga communication device coupled to the processor.
 11. The system of claim1, further comprising an I/O device coupled to the processor.
 12. Thesystem of claim 1, further comprising a mass storage device coupled tothe processor.
 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the mass storagedevice comprises a disk drive.
 14. The system of claim 1, furthercomprising a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Express bus coupledto the processor.
 15. The system of claim 1, further comprising agraphics processor coupled to the processor.
 16. The system of claim 1,wherein the system memory comprises dynamic random access memory (DRAM).17. A method performed by a system, the method comprising: storing datain a system memory; storing a plurality of cache lines in a cache of aprocessor of the system; storing data in a plurality of general purposeregisters of the processor; storing a first 128-bit data in a firstsource 128-bit packed data register of the processor; storing a second128-bit data in a second source 128-bit packed data register of theprocessor; fetching a store to memory instruction with an instructionfetch unit of the processor; decoding the store to memory instructionwith a decode unit of the processor, the store to memory instructionhaving a first field specifying the first source 128-bit packed dataregister, having a second field specifying the second source 128-bitpacked data register, and indicating a starting memory location in amemory at which to store data; and performing a store to memoryoperation, in response to the decoded store to memory instruction, thestore to memory operation including: storing the first 128-bit data fromthe first source 128-bit packed data register to the memory starting atthe indicated starting memory location; and storing the second 128-bitdata from the second source 128-bit packed data register to the memoryat a location adjacently after the first 128-bit data.
 18. The method ofclaim 17, further comprising transmitting data on a Peripheral ComponentInterconnect (PCI) Express bus coupled to the processor.
 19. An articleof manufacture comprising a non-transitory machine-readable storagemedium, the non-transitory machine-readable storage medium storing a setof instructions, including a store to memory instruction, the set ofinstructions if processed by a system to cause the system to performoperations comprising to: store data in a system memory; store aplurality of cache lines in a cache of a processor of the system; storedata in a plurality of general purpose registers of the processor; storea first 128-bit data in a first source 128-bit packed data register ofthe processor; and store a second 128-bit data in a second source128-bit packed data register of the processor; and the store to memoryinstruction if processed by the machine to cause the machine to performoperations comprising to: decode the store to memory instruction with adecode unit of the processor, the store to memory instruction having afirst field to specify the first source 128-bit packed data register,having a second field to specify the second source 128-bit packed dataregister, and to indicate a starting memory location in a memory atwhich to store data; and perform a store to memory operation, inresponse to the decoded store to memory instruction, the store to memoryoperation to: store the first 128-bit data from the first source 128-bitpacked data register to the memory starting at the indicated startingmemory location; and store the second 128-bit data from the secondsource 128-bit packed data register to the memory at a locationadjacently after the first 128-bit data.
 20. The article of manufactureof claim 19, wherein the set of instructions, if processed by themachine, are to cause the machine to perform operations comprising totransmit data on a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Express bus.